‘My flower bed is full of weeds. How can I get rid of them permanently without weed killer?’

We have a large flower bed that’s gradually been taken over by buttercups, dock, dandelions and other annoying perennial weeds. I’ve tried hand weeding, but it never seems to achieve much, only knocking them back for a few weeks before they reappear again. I don’t want to use chemical weedkillers and wonder what you’d suggest as the best way to get it back under control? Mary O’C, Dublin

Perennial weeds like those you’ve mentioned can be challenging to eradicate from a flower bed, especially if the soil is heavy and wet. Once established, they can also quickly colonise an area both by seed as well as by their spreading root systems.

Given your description, I’d suggest a deep clean is needed, which would involve temporarily digging out the root balls of any perennials and small shrubs along with any bulbous plants. Place these very closely together on a sheet of strong black plastic or tarpaulin in a sheltered, shady spot where they won’t be exposed to bright sunlight or drying winds, tucking the edges of the plastic up around their roots to prevent them from drying out.

Then use a garden fork and a decent hand trowel to work gently around the root-balls of any remaining large shrubs and trees, systematically digging out the root systems of any weeds that you find. Next, very generously mulch the entire bed with a 7cm-10cm thick layer of well-rotted garden farmyard manure or home-made compost, or a commercially produced, high quality product (see gee-up.ie and enrich.ie), making sure to keep it away from direct contact with the stems or trunks of any shrubs and trees to avoid problems with decay.

This mulch will do a couple of very useful things, one of which is to help smother weedy growth and suppress fresh germination of weed seeds, while the other is to greatly improve soil structure, making it an awful lot easier to weed the bed in future. Even so, some stubborn perennial weeds will still push through, so you’ll need to temporarily cover the ground with either a sheet of strong black plastic (not a suitable choice if there are any large shrubs or trees remaining in the flower bed) or sheets of strong brown cardboard secured in place with some heavy planks or stones. Then wait.

Ideally, you should leave the bed covered in this way for 3-6 months, after which you can remove the black plastic or remaining cardboard. Done correctly, the great majority of weeds will have been killed off at this stage, although you may need to hand-dig out just a few stubborn survivors. The flower bed can then be replanted using the temporarily excavated plants but make sure to check their root balls for the root systems of any weeds that might be concealed in them and remove these before replanting. Mulch again around these plants after replanting to suppress the germination of any weed seed hidden in the freshly disturbed soil. Regular hand weeding should be sufficient from then on in terms of keeping your flower bed looking good.